[{"number":1,"slug":"pelican-island-bird-reservation-1903","title":"Pelican Island Bird Reservation","dek":"A one-sentence order of March 14, 1903, reserved a mangrove island in Florida's Indian River as a federal preserve and breeding ground for native birds, the first of fifty-one bird reservations Roosevelt created by executive order.","date_start":"1903-03-14","date_end":"1903-03-14","themes":["wildlife","public-lands","conservation-policy"],"places":["Pelican Island, Indian River Lagoon, Florida","Sebastian, Florida","Florida Bay, Florida"],"theme_labels":["Wildlife and bird reservations","Public lands","Conservation policy"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":5,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=1"},{"number":2,"slug":"devils-tower-national-monument-1906","title":"Devils Tower National Monument, Wyoming","dek":"Proclamation 658 of September 24, 1906, set aside 1,152.91 acres around Devils Tower as the first national monument, the first use of the new Antiquities Act.","date_start":"1906-09-24","date_end":"1906-09-24","themes":["monuments","public-lands","indian-lands","conservation-policy"],"places":["Devils Tower, Crook County, Wyoming","Belle Fourche River, Wyoming"],"theme_labels":["National monuments","Public lands","Indian lands","Conservation policy"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":3,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=2"},{"number":3,"slug":"grand-canyon-national-monument-1908","title":"Grand Canyon National Monument, Arizona","dek":"Proclamation 794 of January 11, 1908, reserved some 818,560 acres of the Grand Canyon as a national monument, closing it to new mining claims and settlement and making protection the dominant use.","date_start":"1908-01-11","date_end":"1908-01-11","themes":["monuments","public-lands","forests","conservation-policy"],"places":["Grand Canyon, Territory of Arizona","Bright Angel Trail, Arizona","Williams, Arizona","Kaibab Plateau, Arizona"],"theme_labels":["National monuments","Public lands","Forests","Conservation policy"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=3"},{"number":4,"slug":"muir-woods-national-monument-1908","title":"Muir Woods National Monument, California","dek":"Roosevelt accepted a privately donated old-growth redwood grove north of San Francisco and proclaimed it a national monument, the first created from land given to the United States.","date_start":"1908-01-09","date_end":"1908-01-09","themes":["monuments","conservation-policy"],"places":["Redwood Canyon, Marin County, California","Kentfield, California"],"theme_labels":["National monuments","Conservation policy"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=4"},{"number":5,"slug":"chaco-canyon-national-monument-1907","title":"Chaco Canyon National Monument, New Mexico","dek":"Roosevelt set aside the great houses of Chaco Canyon, among them Pueblo Bonito, as a 20,629-acre national monument, closing a decade of digging and a homestead fight over the ruins.","date_start":"1907-03-11","date_end":"1907-03-11","themes":["monuments","indian-lands","conservation-policy"],"places":["Chaco Canyon, New Mexico","Pueblo Bonito, New Mexico","San Juan County, New Mexico","McKinley County, New Mexico","Kin Ya'a, Crownpoint, New Mexico"],"theme_labels":["National monuments","Indian lands","Conservation policy"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=5"},{"number":6,"slug":"natural-bridges-national-monument-1908","title":"Natural Bridges National Monument, Utah","dek":"Roosevelt set aside forty acres around each of three great stone bridges in southeastern Utah, creating the state's first national monument.","date_start":"1908-04-16","date_end":"1908-04-16","themes":["monuments","conservation-policy"],"places":["White Canyon, San Juan County, Utah","Armstrong Canyon, San Juan County, Utah"],"theme_labels":["National monuments","Conservation policy"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=6"},{"number":7,"slug":"mount-olympus-national-monument-1909","title":"Mount Olympus National Monument, Washington","dek":"Two days before leaving office, Roosevelt reserved about 608,640 acres of Washington's Olympic Mountains to protect glaciers and the dwindling elk that bore his name.","date_start":"1909-03-02","date_end":"1909-03-02","themes":["monuments","wildlife","forests","conservation-policy"],"places":["Mount Olympus, Washington","Olympic Peninsula, Washington","Olympic National Forest, Washington"],"theme_labels":["National monuments","Wildlife and bird reservations","Forests","Conservation policy"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":0,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=7"},{"number":8,"slug":"december-1906-monuments","title":"The December 8, 1906 Monuments: Petrified Forest, El Morro, and Montezuma Castle","dek":"On a single day Roosevelt proclaimed three Southwestern monuments, protecting a carved sandstone bluff, a cliff dwelling, and a forest of stone.","date_start":"1906-12-08","date_end":"1906-12-08","themes":["monuments","conservation-policy"],"places":["El Morro, New Mexico Territory","Montezuma Castle, Arizona Territory","Petrified Forest, Arizona Territory","Adamana, Arizona Territory"],"theme_labels":["National monuments","Conservation policy"],"document_count":3,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=8"},{"number":9,"slug":"midnight-forest-reserves-1907","title":"The 1907 \"Midnight Forest Reserves\"","dek":"In the forty-eight hours before a new law stripped him of the power in six Western states, Roosevelt signed thirty-three proclamations creating and enlarging forest reserves across about 15.6 million acres.","date_start":"1907-03-01","date_end":"1907-03-02","themes":["forests","conservation-policy","congress","public-lands"],"places":["Oregon","Washington","Idaho","Montana","Colorado","Wyoming","Nevada","New Mexico"],"theme_labels":["Forests","Conservation policy","Congress","Public lands"],"document_count":32,"open_question_count":3,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=9"},{"number":10,"slug":"bear-lodge-forest-reserve-1907","title":"Bear Lodge Forest Reserve, Wyoming","dek":"One of the 1907 \"midnight\" proclamations, it set aside 136,784 acres of timbered public land in the Bear Lodge Mountains of northeastern Wyoming as a new forest reserve.","date_start":"1907-03-01","date_end":"1907-03-01","themes":["forests","public-lands","conservation-policy"],"places":["Bear Lodge Mountains, Crook County, Wyoming","Sundance, Wyoming"],"theme_labels":["Forests","Public lands","Conservation policy"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=10"},{"number":11,"slug":"anthracite-coal-strike-1902","title":"The Anthracite Coal Strike and the Coal Strike Commission, 1902","dek":"With no order to sign and no clear legal authority, Roosevelt brought striking hard-coal miners and the mine-owning railroads to the White House and got both sides to accept a federal arbitration commission.","date_start":"1902-05-12","date_end":"1903-03-21","themes":["labor-business","coal-minerals"],"places":["Anthracite region, eastern Pennsylvania","Washington, D.C.","Wilkes-Barre, Pennsylvania","Lynn, Massachusetts"],"theme_labels":["Labor and business","Coal and minerals"],"document_count":0,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=11"},{"number":12,"slug":"bureau-of-corporations-antitrust-1901-1904","title":"The Bureau of Corporations and the Antitrust Posture, 1901–1904","dek":"Roosevelt answered the trusts with two tools: a new federal bureau that could investigate big business and publish what it found, and an antitrust suit that broke up the Northern Securities Company.","date_start":"1901-12-03","date_end":"1904-03-14","themes":["labor-business","government-administration","congress"],"places":["Washington, D.C.","Trenton, New Jersey","Minnesota"],"theme_labels":["Labor and business","Government administration","Congress"],"document_count":0,"open_question_count":0,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=12"},{"number":13,"slug":"neutrality-russo-japanese-war-1904","title":"Declaration of Neutrality in the War Between Japan and Russia","dek":"Two days after the war opened at Port Arthur, Roosevelt's proclamation barred Americans from joining either side and set strict rules for Russian and Japanese warships in American waters.","date_start":"1904-02-11","date_end":"1904-02-11","themes":["foreign-affairs","military-naval"],"places":["Port Arthur","Washington, D.C.","Oyster Bay, New York","Portsmouth Navy Yard, Kittery, Maine","Portsmouth, New Hampshire","Tokyo, Japan"],"theme_labels":["Foreign affairs","Military and naval"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=13"},{"number":14,"slug":"canal-zone-government-1904","title":"Governing the Panama Canal Zone: the Executive Orders of 1904","dek":"In the spring of 1904 Roosevelt appointed the Isthmian Canal Commission and, by a letter of instructions of May 9, made it the government of the Canal Zone under the Secretary of War.","date_start":"1904-03-08","date_end":"1904-05-09","themes":["canal-zone","government-administration","foreign-affairs"],"places":["Panama Canal Zone","Culebra, Canal Zone","Colón, Panama","Panama City, Panama"],"theme_labels":["Panama Canal Zone","Government administration","Foreign affairs"],"document_count":0,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=14"},{"number":15,"slug":"simplified-spelling-order-1906","title":"The Simplified-Spelling Order, 1906","dek":"Roosevelt told the Government Printing Office to print 300 words in reformed spelling, and Congress made him back down within four months.","date_start":"1906-08-27","date_end":"1906-12-13","themes":["government-administration","congress"],"places":["Oyster Bay, New York","Washington, D.C."],"theme_labels":["Government administration","Congress"],"document_count":0,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=15"},{"number":16,"slug":"political-management-rule-1907","title":"Barring Federal Employees from \"Political Management,\" 1907","dek":"Executive Orders 642 and 655 barred merit-system employees from running party campaigns, put the Civil Service Commission in charge of enforcement, and became the basis of the Hatch Act.","date_start":"1907-06-03","date_end":"1907-06-15","themes":["civil-service","government-administration"],"places":["Washington, D.C.","North Carolina"],"theme_labels":["Civil service","Government administration"],"document_count":2,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=16"},{"number":17,"slug":"oklahoma-statehood-1907","title":"Oklahoma Statehood — Proclamation 780","dek":"Roosevelt's proclamation of November 16, 1907 admitted Oklahoma as the forty-sixth state and joined Oklahoma Territory and Indian Territory into one.","date_start":"1907-11-16","date_end":"1907-11-16","themes":["statehood","indian-lands"],"places":["Guthrie, Oklahoma","Muskogee, Indian Territory","Oklahoma City, Oklahoma","Oklahoma Territory","Indian Territory"],"theme_labels":["Statehood","Indian lands"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":0,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=17"},{"number":18,"slug":"wichita-game-preserve-1905","title":"The Wichita Forest and Game Preserve","dek":"Proclamation 563 turned the whole Wichita Forest Reserve in Oklahoma Territory into a federal game preserve, the first ground set aside to let big game recover and breed.","date_start":"1905-06-02","date_end":"1905-06-02","themes":["wildlife","forests","conservation-policy"],"places":["Wichita Mountains, Oklahoma Territory","Cache, Oklahoma Territory","New York Zoological Park, Bronx, New York"],"theme_labels":["Wildlife and bird reservations","Forests","Conservation policy"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=18"},{"number":19,"slug":"national-bison-range-1908","title":"The National Bison Range","dek":"A 1908 law bought land out of Montana's Flathead Indian Reservation for a permanent bison range, the first time Congress paid to buy land for wildlife.","date_start":"1908-05-23","date_end":"1909-10-17","themes":["wildlife","indian-lands","congress","conservation-policy"],"places":["Flathead Indian Reservation, Montana","Ravalli, Montana","Kalispell, Montana"],"theme_labels":["Wildlife and bird reservations","Indian lands","Congress","Conservation policy"],"document_count":0,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=19"},{"number":20,"slug":"thanksgiving-1901","title":"Thanksgiving Day, 1901","dek":"Seven weeks after McKinley's assassination, Roosevelt's first Thanksgiving proclamation named the nation's grief and asked it to give thanks anyway.","date_start":"1901-11-02","date_end":"1901-11-28","themes":["ceremonial"],"places":["Washington, D.C."],"theme_labels":["Ceremonial"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=20"},{"number":21,"slug":"reclamation-act-1902","title":"The Reclamation Act of 1902","dek":"A 1902 law that walled off western land-sale money into a reclamation fund to build dams and canals, then had settlers repay the cost so the money could build the next project.","date_start":"1902-06-17","date_end":"1902-06-17","themes":["water-reclamation","public-lands","congress","conservation-policy"],"places":["Salt River, Arizona Territory","Truckee River, Nevada","North Platte River, Wyoming and Nebraska","Milk River, Montana","Gunnison River, Colorado"],"theme_labels":["Water and reclamation","Public lands","Congress","Conservation policy"],"document_count":0,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=21"},{"number":22,"slug":"breton-island-bird-reservation","title":"Breton Island Bird Reservation","dek":"An October 1904 executive order that set aside a chain of bare Gulf barrier islands off the Mississippi delta as a nesting ground for seabirds, making it the second federal bird reservation.","date_start":"1904-10-04","date_end":"1905-11-11","themes":["wildlife","conservation-policy"],"places":["Breton Island, Louisiana","Old Harbor Islands, Louisiana","Freemason Islands, Louisiana","Chandeleur Sound, Louisiana"],"theme_labels":["Wildlife and bird reservations","Conservation policy"],"document_count":2,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=22"},{"number":23,"slug":"lassen-peak-cinder-cone-monuments","title":"The Volcanic Monuments: Lassen Peak and Cinder Cone","dek":"Two proclamations signed on May 6, 1907, that set aside Lassen Peak and Cinder Cone in northern California as national monuments for the study of volcanoes, nine years before the area became a national park.","date_start":"1907-05-06","date_end":"1907-05-06","themes":["monuments","forests"],"places":["Lassen Peak, California","Cinder Cone, California","Snag Lake, California","Lake Bidwell, California"],"theme_labels":["National monuments","Forests"],"document_count":2,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=23"},{"number":24,"slug":"gila-cliff-dwellings-1907","title":"Gila Cliff-Dwellings National Monument, New Mexico","dek":"A 160-acre reservation, proclaimed November 16, 1907, that set apart a cluster of cliff-houses above the West Fork of the Gila River as a national monument under the new Antiquities Act.","date_start":"1907-11-16","date_end":"1907-11-16","themes":["monuments","forests"],"places":["West Fork of the Gila River, New Mexico","Cliff Dweller Canyon, New Mexico","Gila National Forest, New Mexico","Silver City, New Mexico"],"theme_labels":["National monuments","Forests"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":5,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=24"},{"number":25,"slug":"tonto-national-monument-1907","title":"Tonto National Monument, Arizona","dek":"A one-square-mile reservation, proclaimed December 19, 1907, that protected two Salado cliff dwellings above the Salt River, a few miles from the great dam then rising under the Reclamation Act.","date_start":"1907-12-19","date_end":"1907-12-19","themes":["monuments","water-reclamation"],"places":["Tonto Basin, Arizona","Gila County, Arizona","Roosevelt Dam, Arizona","Globe, Arizona"],"theme_labels":["National monuments","Water and reclamation"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":4,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=25"},{"number":26,"slug":"pinnacles-national-monument-1908","title":"Pinnacles National Monument, California","dek":"A roughly 2,080-acre monument, proclaimed January 16, 1908, that set apart the rock spires and talus caves of California's Gabilan Range for their scientific interest, the seed of today's Pinnacles National Park.","date_start":"1908-01-16","date_end":"1908-01-16","themes":["monuments","forests"],"places":["Pinnacles, San Benito County, California","Bear Valley, California","Gabilan Range, California","Salinas Valley, California"],"theme_labels":["National monuments","Forests"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":3,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=26"},{"number":27,"slug":"coal-land-withdrawals-1906-1909","title":"The Coal-Land Withdrawals, 1906–1909","dek":"Beginning in July 1906, the Interior Department, at Roosevelt's direction, pulled tens of millions of acres of coal-bearing public land off the market so the nation's fuel would stop being sold at the price of farmland.","date_start":"1906-06-29","date_end":"1909-03-04","themes":["coal-minerals","public-lands","conservation-policy"],"places":["Alaska","Western United States"],"theme_labels":["Coal and minerals","Public lands","Conservation policy"],"document_count":0,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=27"},{"number":28,"slug":"conference-of-governors-1908","title":"The Conference of Governors and the National Conservation Commission, 1908","dek":"In May 1908 Roosevelt brought the nation's governors to the White House to treat forests, waters, soils and minerals as one problem, then appointed a commission to take the first inventory of the country's natural resources.","date_start":"1907-10-04","date_end":"1909-02-23","themes":["conservation-policy","government-administration","congress","foreign-affairs"],"places":["White House, Washington, D.C.","Memphis, Tennessee","Mississippi River"],"theme_labels":["Conservation policy","Government administration","Congress","Foreign affairs"],"document_count":0,"open_question_count":5,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=28"},{"number":29,"slug":"jewel-cave-national-monument-1908","title":"Jewel Cave National Monument, South Dakota","dek":"Proclaimed February 7, 1908, the first national monument whose named object was a cave and nothing else, set aside in the Black Hills National Forest to protect a crystal-lined cavern that has since proved to be one of the longest in the world.","date_start":"1908-02-07","date_end":"1908-02-07","themes":["monuments","forests"],"places":["Jewel Cave, Custer County, South Dakota","Hell Canyon, South Dakota","Black Hills National Forest, South Dakota","Custer, South Dakota"],"theme_labels":["National monuments","Forests"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":3,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=29"},{"number":30,"slug":"lewis-and-clark-cavern-national-monument-1908","title":"Lewis and Clark Cavern National Monument, Montana","dek":"A 160-acre square of unsurveyed land around a limestone cave above Montana's Jefferson River, reserved for its scientific interest and later found to lie on a railroad's land grant.","date_start":"1908-05-11","date_end":"1908-05-11","themes":["monuments","public-lands","conservation-policy"],"places":["Jefferson County, Montana","Limespur, Montana","Whitehall, Montana","Jefferson River, Montana"],"theme_labels":["National monuments","Public lands","Conservation policy"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":5,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=30"},{"number":31,"slug":"grand-canyon-game-preserve-1906","title":"Grand Canyon National Game Preserve, Arizona","dek":"Under a special act of Congress, Roosevelt closed the Kaibab Plateau north of the Colorado River to hunting, creating a game preserve whose deer herd became one of the most-cited cautionary tales in American wildlife management.","date_start":"1906-11-28","date_end":"1906-11-28","themes":["wildlife","forests","conservation-policy"],"places":["Kaibab Plateau, Arizona","North Rim, Grand Canyon, Arizona"],"theme_labels":["Wildlife and bird reservations","Forests","Conservation policy"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=31"},{"number":32,"slug":"death-of-mckinley-proclamation-1901","title":"Announcing the Death of William McKinley","dek":"Roosevelt's first proclamation, drafted in Buffalo on the afternoon he took the oath, made McKinley's funeral day, Thursday, September 19, 1901, a national day of mourning and prayer.","date_start":"1901-09-14","date_end":"1901-09-19","themes":["ceremonial"],"places":["Buffalo, New York","Canton, Ohio","Washington, D.C.","Mount Marcy, New York"],"theme_labels":["Ceremonial"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":4,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=32"},{"number":33,"slug":"forest-reserves-1902","title":"The Forest Reserves of 1902","dek":"Between April and September 1902, nineteen proclamations created thirteen new forest reserves and enlarged, merged, or redrew others, from Colorado and Nebraska to the islands of southeast Alaska.","date_start":"1902-04-11","date_end":"1902-09-04","themes":["forests","public-lands","conservation-policy"],"places":["Colorado","Territory of Arizona","Territory of New Mexico","Nebraska","Wyoming","Montana","Territory of Alaska"],"theme_labels":["Forests","Public lands","Conservation policy"],"document_count":19,"open_question_count":6,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=33"},{"number":34,"slug":"philippine-amnesty-1902","title":"Pardon and Amnesty in the Philippines, July 4, 1902","dek":"On Independence Day 1902, Roosevelt proclaimed a full pardon and amnesty for Filipinos who had taken part in the insurrections against Spain and the United States, on the recital that the insurrection was at an end everywhere but the Moro country.","date_start":"1902-07-04","date_end":"1902-07-04","themes":["insular-territories","military-naval"],"places":["Philippine Islands","Samar, Philippines","Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania","Washington, D.C."],"theme_labels":["Island territories","Military and naval"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":4,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=34"},{"number":35,"slug":"fort-hall-opening-1902","title":"Opening the Ceded Fort Hall Lands, Idaho","dek":"Roosevelt's proclamation of May 7, 1902 opened the land the Shoshone and Bannock had ceded from the Fort Hall Reservation to settlers at noon on June 17, 1902, with the ground around Pocatello sold at auction a month later.","date_start":"1902-05-07","date_end":"1902-07-17","themes":["indian-lands","public-lands"],"places":["Fort Hall Indian Reservation, Idaho","Pocatello, Idaho","Blackfoot, Idaho","Ross Fork, Idaho","Lava Hot Springs, Idaho"],"theme_labels":["Indian lands","Public lands"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":3,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=35"},{"number":36,"slug":"louisiana-purchase-exposition-postponement-1902","title":"Louisiana Purchase Exposition","dek":"A short proclamation of July 1, 1902, that made official Congress's decision to push the St. Louis World's Fair back a year, to open by May 1, 1904, and close by December 1 of that year.","date_start":"1902-07-01","date_end":"1902-07-01","themes":["ceremonial","congress","foreign-affairs"],"places":["St. Louis, Missouri","Forest Park, St. Louis, Missouri","Washington, D.C."],"theme_labels":["Ceremonial","Congress","Foreign affairs"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=36"},{"number":37,"slug":"public-domain-restorations-1902","title":"The Public-Domain Restorations of 1902","dek":"Two proclamations of May and June 1902 that released single tracts reserved for Indian purposes, one in California for a settler and one in Oklahoma Territory for a town park, back into the public domain.","date_start":"1902-05-29","date_end":"1902-06-23","themes":["public-lands","indian-lands"],"places":["Capitan Grande, San Diego County, California","El Capitan, California","Lakeside, California","Anadarko, Oklahoma Territory"],"theme_labels":["Public lands","Indian lands"],"document_count":2,"open_question_count":5,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=37"},{"number":38,"slug":"cuban-vessels-duties-1902","title":"Suspending Duties on Cuban Vessels","dek":"A July 3, 1902, proclamation that lifted the extra 'discriminating' duties on Cuban ships and their cargoes, six weeks after Cuban independence had unexpectedly exposed them to the surcharge.","date_start":"1902-07-03","date_end":"1902-07-03","themes":["trade-reciprocity","foreign-affairs"],"places":["Havana, Cuba","New York, New York","Washington, D.C."],"theme_labels":["Trade and reciprocity","Foreign affairs"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=38"},{"number":39,"slug":"creek-supplemental-agreement-1902","title":"Ratification of the Creek Supplemental Agreement","dek":"Roosevelt announced that the Muskogee (Creek) Nation's council had ratified a 1902 agreement reshaping the division of Creek land, which took effect as law on July 26, 1902.","date_start":"1902-06-30","date_end":"1902-08-08","themes":["indian-lands"],"places":["Muskogee (Creek) Nation, Indian Territory","Hickory Ground, Indian Territory","Okmulgee, Indian Territory","Leavenworth, Kansas"],"theme_labels":["Indian lands"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":3,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=39"},{"number":40,"slug":"lawton-cemetery-1902","title":"Restoring Fort Sill Indian Sub-Agency Lands to Lawton for a Cemetery","dek":"Roosevelt released forty acres held for the Fort Sill Indian sub-agency so the new town of Lawton, Oklahoma Territory, could buy the ground for a cemetery.","date_start":"1902-09-04","date_end":"1902-09-04","themes":["public-lands","indian-lands"],"places":["Lawton, Oklahoma Territory","Fort Sill, Oklahoma Territory","El Reno, Oklahoma Territory"],"theme_labels":["Public lands","Indian lands"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":4,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=40"},{"number":41,"slug":"thanksgiving-1902","title":"Thanksgiving Day, 1902","dek":"Roosevelt's second Thanksgiving proclamation named Thursday, November 27, 1902, and gave thanks for a year \"of peace and of overflowing plenty.\"","date_start":"1902-10-29","date_end":"1902-11-27","themes":["ceremonial"],"places":["Washington, D.C."],"theme_labels":["Ceremonial"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=41"},{"number":42,"slug":"forest-reserves-1903","title":"The Forest Reserves of 1903","dek":"Ten proclamations in 1903 created, enlarged, or rebuilt forest reserves across Utah, Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, and California, plus the first tropical forest reserve made by a U.S. president, in Puerto Rico's Luquillo Mountains.","date_start":"1903-01-17","date_end":"1903-12-22","themes":["forests","insular-territories","conservation-policy","water-reclamation"],"places":["Luquillo Mountains, Puerto Rico","Yellowstone, Wyoming and Montana","Logan, Utah","Manti, Utah","Sanpete County, Utah","Aquarius Plateau, Utah","Payson, Utah","Pocatello, Idaho","Highwood Mountains, Montana","Lewis and Clark Forest Reserve, Montana","Santa Barbara, California"],"theme_labels":["Forests","Island territories","Conservation policy","Water and reclamation"],"document_count":10,"open_question_count":3,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=42"},{"number":43,"slug":"copyright-cuba-1903","title":"Extending Copyright Protection to Citizens of Cuba","dek":"A short 1903 proclamation certifying that Cuba protected American authors, which opened U.S. copyright to Cuban authors under the reciprocity terms of the 1891 copyright law.","date_start":"1903-11-17","date_end":"1903-11-17","themes":["copyright","foreign-affairs"],"places":["Havana, Cuba","Washington, D.C."],"theme_labels":["Copyright","Foreign affairs"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=43"},{"number":44,"slug":"puerto-rico-land-reservations-1903","title":"The Puerto Rico Land Reservations of 1903","dek":"Racing a one-year deadline, Roosevelt set aside naval ground at San Juan and Culebra, and custom-house, hospital and light-house sites around the island, before the rest of the old Spanish crown lands passed to the government of Puerto Rico.","date_start":"1903-06-26","date_end":"1903-06-30","themes":["insular-territories","military-naval","lighthouses","public-lands"],"places":["San Juan, Puerto Rico","Isla Grande, San Juan harbor, Puerto Rico","Culebra, Puerto Rico","Ponce, Puerto Rico","Mayagüez, Puerto Rico","Humacao, Puerto Rico","Aibonito, Puerto Rico","Mona Island, Puerto Rico"],"theme_labels":["Island territories","Military and naval","Lighthouses","Public lands"],"document_count":7,"open_question_count":5,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=44"},{"number":45,"slug":"convening-proclamations-1903","title":"The Convening Proclamations of 1903","dek":"Twice in 1903 Roosevelt called lawmakers back to Washington early: the Senate in March to act on the Panama canal and Cuban trade treaties, and the whole Congress in November to approve Cuban reciprocity.","date_start":"1903-03-02","date_end":"1903-10-20","themes":["congress","trade-reciprocity","foreign-affairs"],"places":["Washington, D.C.","Havana, Cuba"],"theme_labels":["Congress","Trade and reciprocity","Foreign affairs"],"document_count":2,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=45"},{"number":46,"slug":"indian-land-withdrawal-revocations-1903","title":"The Indian-Land Withdrawal Revocations of 1903","dek":"Two small proclamations released ground held back during the great land openings, the abandoned Cheyenne River Agency grounds in South Dakota and a never-needed county-seat site in Oklahoma Territory, to settlement.","date_start":"1903-02-07","date_end":"1903-08-12","themes":["indian-lands","public-lands"],"places":["Cheyenne River Agency (old site), South Dakota","Fort Bennett, South Dakota","Ioland, Day County, Oklahoma Territory","Grand, Day County, Oklahoma Territory"],"theme_labels":["Indian lands","Public lands"],"document_count":2,"open_question_count":4,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=46"},{"number":47,"slug":"thanksgiving-1903","title":"Thanksgiving Day, 1903","dek":"Roosevelt's third Thanksgiving proclamation set aside Thursday, November 26, 1903, and, unlike the two before it, gave thanks for peace and a fair chance to work rather than for prosperity.","date_start":"1903-10-31","date_end":"1903-11-26","themes":["ceremonial"],"places":["Washington, D.C."],"theme_labels":["Ceremonial"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":0,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=47"},{"number":48,"slug":"lighthouses-in-hawaii-1903","title":"Lighthouses in Hawaii","dek":"Roosevelt's proclamation of December 28, 1903, took the lighthouses, buoys and beacons of the former Republic of Hawaii into federal hands and put the Light-House Board in charge of them.","date_start":"1903-12-28","date_end":"1903-12-28","themes":["lighthouses","insular-territories"],"places":["Territory of Hawaii","Honolulu, Oahu","Lahaina, Maui","Makapuʻu Point, Oahu","Kalaupapa, Molokaʻi"],"theme_labels":["Lighthouses","Island territories"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=48"},{"number":49,"slug":"forest-reserves-1904","title":"The Forest Reserves of 1904","dek":"In fourteen proclamations signed during 1904, Roosevelt created seven new forest reserves, from eastern Oregon to the buttes of northwestern South Dakota, and redrew the boundaries of seven more.","date_start":"1904-02-05","date_end":"1904-12-23","themes":["forests","public-lands","conservation-policy"],"places":["Baker City, Oregon","Cave Hills, South Dakota","Slim Buttes, South Dakota","Grantsville, Utah","Salt Lake County, Utah","Fish Lake, Utah","Warner Mountains, California","Modoc County, California","Alturas, California","Yellowstone Forest Reserve, Wyoming and Montana","Battlement Mesa, Colorado","White River, Colorado","South Platte, Colorado","Bitter Root Forest Reserve, Idaho and Montana","Big Horn Forest Reserve, Wyoming"],"theme_labels":["Forests","Public lands","Conservation policy"],"document_count":14,"open_question_count":4,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=49"},{"number":50,"slug":"fort-marcy-grants-santa-fe-1904","title":"The Fort Marcy Grants to Santa Fe","dek":"Two nearly identical 1904 proclamations granted the abandoned Fort Marcy military post in downtown Santa Fe to the city, to be handed on to its Board of Education for the support of the public schools.","date_start":"1904-01-05","date_end":"1904-03-10","themes":["public-lands","military-naval"],"places":["Santa Fe, New Mexico Territory","Fort Marcy, Santa Fe"],"theme_labels":["Public lands","Military and naval"],"document_count":2,"open_question_count":3,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=50"},{"number":51,"slug":"sioux-land-openings-1904","title":"The Sioux Land Openings of 1904","dek":"Two 1904 proclamations threw open hundreds of thousands of acres of Rosebud and Devils Lake reservation land to homesteaders by lottery, and a third released a single former mission-school tract in South Dakota.","date_start":"1904-03-30","date_end":"1904-06-02","themes":["indian-lands","public-lands","wildlife"],"places":["Rosebud Reservation, South Dakota","Gregory County, South Dakota","Bonesteel, South Dakota","Chamberlain, South Dakota","Yankton, South Dakota","Fairfax, South Dakota","Devils Lake, North Dakota","Fort Totten, North Dakota","Sully's Hill, North Dakota","Grand Forks, North Dakota","Cheyenne River Agency, South Dakota"],"theme_labels":["Indian lands","Public lands","Wildlife and bird reservations"],"document_count":3,"open_question_count":0,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=51"},{"number":52,"slug":"oklahoma-town-parks-1904","title":"Town Parks in Oklahoma Territory","dek":"Two 1904 proclamations released small tracts of reserved federal land, a former Indian boarding-school parcel at Lawton and a courthouse lot at Woodward, so the young towns could take them for public parks.","date_start":"1904-03-29","date_end":"1904-10-13","themes":["public-lands","indian-lands"],"places":["Lawton, Oklahoma Territory","Woodward, Oklahoma Territory"],"theme_labels":["Public lands","Indian lands"],"document_count":2,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=52"},{"number":53,"slug":"hailey-land-district-townsites-1904","title":"Reserving Town Sites in the Hailey Land District","dek":"A May 2, 1904 proclamation reserved scattered tracts on Idaho's Snake River plain as town sites for the new Minidoka reclamation project, ground on which Rupert, Heyburn and Acequia were later built.","date_start":"1904-05-02","date_end":"1904-05-02","themes":["water-reclamation","public-lands"],"places":["Hailey, Idaho","Minidoka, Idaho","Rupert, Idaho","Heyburn, Idaho","Acequia, Idaho","Snake River, Idaho"],"theme_labels":["Water and reclamation","Public lands"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":4,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=53"},{"number":54,"slug":"thanksgiving-day-1904","title":"Thanksgiving Day, 1904","dek":"Signed one week before the 1904 election, Roosevelt's fourth Thanksgiving proclamation set apart November 24 and closed with a charge that the republic's success rests on \"the high average of our individual citizenship.\"","date_start":"1904-11-01","date_end":"1904-11-01","themes":["ceremonial"],"places":["Washington, D.C."],"theme_labels":["Ceremonial"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=54"},{"number":55,"slug":"forest-reserves-1905","title":"The Forest Reserves of 1905","dek":"In fifty-three proclamations signed between March and November 1905, Roosevelt created thirty-six new forest reserves across the West and consolidated, enlarged or redrew seventeen more, adding nearly 23 million acres in the year the new Forest Service took charge.","date_start":"1905-03-20","date_end":"1905-11-11","themes":["forests","public-lands","conservation-policy"],"places":["Pinal Mountains, Arizona","Tonto, Arizona","Plumas, California","Lassen Peak, California","Shasta, California","Lake Tahoe, California and Nevada","Gunnison, Colorado","Pikes Peak, Colorado","Wet Mountains, Colorado","Montezuma, Colorado","Uncompahgre, Colorado","Holy Cross, Colorado","Sawtooth, Idaho","Payette, Idaho","Weiser, Idaho","Henrys Lake, Idaho","Shoshone County, Idaho","Elkhorn, Montana","Big Belt, Montana","Wallowa, Oregon","Maury Mountain, Oregon","Dixie, Utah","Jemez, New Mexico","Portales, New Mexico","Short Pine, South Dakota","Garden City, Kansas"],"theme_labels":["Forests","Public lands","Conservation policy"],"document_count":53,"open_question_count":0,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=55"},{"number":56,"slug":"uintah-reservation-openings-1905","title":"The Uintah Indian Reservation Openings of 1905","dek":"Six proclamations opened the unallotted lands of the Uintah Reservation in Utah to homesteaders by lottery, reserved townsites, and made and then cut back a reservoir withdrawal for the Strawberry Valley.","date_start":"1905-07-14","date_end":"1905-08-14","themes":["indian-lands","public-lands","water-reclamation","forests"],"places":["Uintah Indian Reservation, Utah","Vernal, Utah","Provo, Utah","Price, Utah","Grand Junction, Colorado","Myton, Utah","Duchesne, Utah","Randlett, Utah","Strawberry Valley, Utah","Uinta Basin, Utah"],"theme_labels":["Indian lands","Public lands","Water and reclamation","Forests"],"document_count":6,"open_question_count":3,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=56"},{"number":57,"slug":"death-of-john-hay-1905","title":"Announcing the Death of John Hay","dek":"Roosevelt proclaimed national mourning for Secretary of State John Hay, ordering flags at half-mast at home and abroad and closing the executive departments on the day of his funeral.","date_start":"1905-07-03","date_end":"1905-07-03","themes":["ceremonial","foreign-affairs"],"places":["Newbury, New Hampshire","Cleveland, Ohio","Washington, D.C."],"theme_labels":["Ceremonial","Foreign affairs"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":0,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=57"},{"number":58,"slug":"jamestown-tercentennial-proclamation-1905","title":"Celebration of the 300th Anniversary of the Founding of Jamestown, Virginia","dek":"Roosevelt proclaimed a naval, marine, and military celebration on Hampton Roads for 1907 and invited every nation to send its warships to mark three hundred years since Jamestown.","date_start":"1905-03-29","date_end":"1905-03-29","themes":["ceremonial","military-naval","foreign-affairs","congress"],"places":["Jamestown, Virginia","Hampton Roads, Virginia","Sewell's Point, Norfolk County, Virginia","Norfolk, Virginia"],"theme_labels":["Ceremonial","Military and naval","Foreign affairs","Congress"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=58"},{"number":59,"slug":"dominican-arms-embargo-1905","title":"Prohibiting the Export of Arms to the Dominican Republic","dek":"In October 1905 Roosevelt barred every shipment of arms and ammunition from American and Puerto Rican ports to the Dominican Republic, an embargo built from the start to let the Dominican government's own purchases through.","date_start":"1905-10-14","date_end":"1905-10-14","themes":["foreign-affairs","military-naval"],"places":["Santo Domingo, Dominican Republic","Monte Cristi, Dominican Republic","Puerto Rico"],"theme_labels":["Foreign affairs","Military and naval"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":0,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=59"},{"number":60,"slug":"land-actions-may-1905","title":"The Land Actions of May 1905","dek":"Nine days apart in May 1905, Roosevelt granted Coeur d'Alene, Idaho, a cemetery on its abandoned Army post and released two California sections once reserved for the Capitan Grande Band so a homesteader could file on his land.","date_start":"1905-05-06","date_end":"1905-05-15","themes":["public-lands","indian-lands","military-naval"],"places":["Coeur d'Alene, Idaho","Fort Sherman, Idaho","Capitan Grande, California","San Diego County, California"],"theme_labels":["Public lands","Indian lands","Military and naval"],"document_count":2,"open_question_count":3,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=60"},{"number":61,"slug":"reciprocity-proclamations-1905","title":"The Reciprocity Proclamations of 1905","dek":"Two 1905 reciprocity findings, one lifting discriminating shipping duties on Panamanian vessels and one opening American copyright to Norwegian authors on the day Norway's matching decree took effect.","date_start":"1905-05-15","date_end":"1905-07-01","themes":["trade-reciprocity","copyright","foreign-affairs","canal-zone"],"places":["Panama","Norway"],"theme_labels":["Trade and reciprocity","Copyright","Foreign affairs","Panama Canal Zone"],"document_count":2,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=61"},{"number":62,"slug":"senate-call-and-thanksgiving-1905","title":"The Senate Call and Thanksgiving Proclamation of 1905","dek":"At the two ends of 1905, Roosevelt summoned the Senate to meet on his inauguration day and set apart November 30 as Thanksgiving, warning that the nation's real foes were 'our own passions, appetites and follies.'","date_start":"1905-02-23","date_end":"1905-11-02","themes":["congress","ceremonial","foreign-affairs"],"places":["Washington, D.C."],"theme_labels":["Congress","Ceremonial","Foreign affairs"],"document_count":2,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=62"},{"number":63,"slug":"forest-reserves-1906","title":"The Forest Reserves of 1906","dek":"Seventy-one proclamations signed between January 16 and November 7, 1906, created forty-two new forest reserves, renamed two others, and enlarged, redrew or merged dozens more across ten states and three territories.","date_start":"1906-01-16","date_end":"1906-11-07","themes":["forests","public-lands","conservation-policy"],"places":["Utah","Colorado","Nebraska","Montana","Oregon","Idaho","Nevada","California","Washington","Wyoming","Oklahoma Territory","Arizona Territory","New Mexico Territory","Blue Mountains, Oregon","Pinnacles, San Benito County, California"],"theme_labels":["Forests","Public lands","Conservation policy"],"document_count":71,"open_question_count":5,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=63"},{"number":64,"slug":"reciprocity-proclamations-1906","title":"The Reciprocity Proclamations of 1906","dek":"Four proclamations in 1906 cut American duties on wine lees, brandy, still wines and works of art from Switzerland, Germany, Spain and Bulgaria in return for those countries' lowest tariff rates on American goods.","date_start":"1906-01-01","date_end":"1906-09-15","themes":["trade-reciprocity","foreign-affairs"],"places":["Switzerland","Germany","Spain","Bulgaria"],"theme_labels":["Trade and reciprocity","Foreign affairs"],"document_count":4,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=64"},{"number":65,"slug":"indian-reservation-openings-1906","title":"The Indian Reservation Openings of 1906","dek":"Seven 1906 proclamations touching reservation land in Montana, Wyoming, Utah, Oklahoma and Nevada: three big surplus-land openings, a smaller Nevada opening, a gilsonite-land sale, a shift of land offices, and an 8.80-acre fix to one homesteader's paperwork.","date_start":"1906-05-24","date_end":"1906-09-26","themes":["indian-lands","public-lands"],"places":["Crow Indian Reservation, Montana","Billings, Montana","Miles City, Montana","Sheridan, Wyoming","Wind River Reservation, Wyoming","Riverton, Wyoming","Shoshoni, Wyoming","Lander, Wyoming","Uncompahgre Indian Reservation, Utah","Vernal, Utah","Uintah Indian Reservation, Utah","Big Pasture, Oklahoma Territory","Lawton, Oklahoma Territory","Walker River Reservation, Nevada","Schurz, Nevada"],"theme_labels":["Indian lands","Public lands"],"document_count":7,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=65"},{"number":66,"slug":"ceremonial-and-relief-proclamations-1906","title":"Ceremonial and Relief Proclamations of 1906","dek":"Four small 1906 proclamations: an invitation to the states' militia to the Jamestown celebration, a land order clearing the way for three Idaho reclamation towns, an appeal for aid after the Valparaíso earthquake, and a Thanksgiving proclamation printed in simplified spelling.","date_start":"1906-05-28","date_end":"1906-10-22","themes":["ceremonial","military-naval","public-lands","water-reclamation","foreign-affairs"],"places":["Hampton Roads, Virginia","Jamestown, Virginia","Hailey Land District, Idaho","Rupert, Idaho","Heyburn, Idaho","Acequia, Idaho","Valparaíso, Chile","Santiago, Chile","Oyster Bay, New York"],"theme_labels":["Ceremonial","Military and naval","Public lands","Water and reclamation","Foreign affairs"],"document_count":4,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=66"},{"number":67,"slug":"forest-reserves-1907","title":"The Forest Reserves of 1907","dek":"Across 1907, seventy-eight proclamations created, enlarged, trimmed, merged, and in one case revoked forest reserves, from the March \"midnight\" rush in the West to new national forests in Arkansas and Alaska.","date_start":"1907-01-15","date_end":"1907-12-30","themes":["forests","public-lands","conservation-policy","congress"],"places":["Idaho","Wyoming","Montana","Oregon","Washington","Colorado","Utah","Nevada","California","Territory of New Mexico","Territory of Arizona","Arkansas","Alaska"],"theme_labels":["Forests","Public lands","Conservation policy","Congress"],"document_count":78,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=67"},{"number":68,"slug":"land-openings-1907","title":"The Land Openings of 1907","dek":"Three 1907 proclamations moved ceded reservation land toward settlers: a lottery for irrigated farms in Montana's Huntley Project, a lottery for Lower Brule lands in South Dakota, and a price cut on unsold Devils Lake land in North Dakota.","date_start":"1907-05-21","date_end":"1907-08-12","themes":["indian-lands","public-lands","water-reclamation"],"places":["Huntley Project, Montana","Billings, Montana","Lower Brule Reservation, South Dakota","Pierre, South Dakota","Devils Lake, North Dakota"],"theme_labels":["Indian lands","Public lands","Water and reclamation"],"document_count":3,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=68"},{"number":69,"slug":"reciprocity-and-copyright-proclamations-1907","title":"The Reciprocity and Copyright Proclamations of 1907","dek":"Two proclamations of 1907 used powers Congress had already given the President: one cut duties on a short list of German goods under a temporary trade agreement, the other opened American copyright to Austrian authors.","date_start":"1907-06-01","date_end":"1907-09-20","themes":["trade-reciprocity","copyright","foreign-affairs"],"places":["German Empire","Austria","Champagne, France","Washington, D.C."],"theme_labels":["Trade and reciprocity","Copyright","Foreign affairs"],"document_count":2,"open_question_count":3,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=69"},{"number":70,"slug":"border-strip-and-thanksgiving-1907","title":"Closing the 1907 Proclamations: The Mexican Border Strip and Thanksgiving","dek":"A sixty-foot customs strip along the Mexican border, reserved to keep smugglers' shanties off the line, and a Thanksgiving proclamation that warned of the dangers of prosperity in the first days of the Panic of 1907.","date_start":"1907-05-27","date_end":"1907-10-25","themes":["public-lands","indian-lands","government-administration","ceremonial"],"places":["United States–Mexico border","California","Arizona Territory","New Mexico Territory","Yuma, Arizona","Nogales, Arizona","Tohono O'odham lands, Arizona"],"theme_labels":["Public lands","Indian lands","Government administration","Ceremonial"],"document_count":2,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=70"},{"number":71,"slug":"forest-reserves-1908","title":"The Forest Reserves of 1908","dek":"Twenty-one proclamations that set apart four new national forests, merged and reshaped others across the Southwest and California, and planted experiments on the Kansas plains and in the North Dakota Badlands.","date_start":"1908-01-07","date_end":"1908-11-27","themes":["forests","public-lands","conservation-policy"],"places":["Ozark National Forest, Arkansas","Ocala National Forest, Florida","Choctawhatchee National Forest, Florida","Dakota National Forest, North Dakota","Slope County, North Dakota","Medora, North Dakota","Garden City, Kansas","Coconino National Forest, Arizona","Kaibab National Forest, Arizona","Blue Mountains National Forest, Oregon"],"theme_labels":["Forests","Public lands","Conservation policy"],"document_count":21,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=71"},{"number":72,"slug":"tumacacori-and-wheeler-national-monuments-1908","title":"The National Monuments of 1908: Tumacácori and Wheeler","dek":"Two Antiquities Act monuments from the same year, one protecting a crumbling Spanish mission church in Arizona and the other a cluster of eroded volcanic-ash spires in the Colorado high country.","date_start":"1908-09-15","date_end":"1908-12-07","themes":["monuments","forests","conservation-policy"],"places":["Tumacácori, Arizona","Santa Cruz County, Arizona","Santa Cruz River valley, Arizona","La Garita Mountains, Colorado","Wagon Wheel Gap, Colorado","Creede, Colorado"],"theme_labels":["National monuments","Forests","Conservation policy"],"document_count":2,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=72"},{"number":73,"slug":"canadian-frontier-strip-1908","title":"The Canadian-Frontier Strip","dek":"A one-paragraph proclamation that held every unpatented acre of public land within sixty feet of the Canadian boundary as a federal reservation, to help enforce the customs and immigration laws.","date_start":"1908-06-15","date_end":"1908-06-15","themes":["public-lands","foreign-affairs"],"places":["United States–Canada boundary","Alaska–Yukon boundary"],"theme_labels":["Public lands","Foreign affairs"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=73"},{"number":74,"slug":"hawaii-lighthouse-reserves-1908","title":"The Hawaii Light-House Reserves of 1908","dek":"Five proclamations signed on one December day that reserved small parcels of Hawaiian public land under navigation lights already burning on Maui, Kauai and the Island of Hawaii.","date_start":"1908-12-04","date_end":"1908-12-04","themes":["lighthouses","insular-territories","public-lands"],"places":["Hana Bay, Maui, Hawaii","McGregor's Point, Maui, Hawaii","Kahala Point, Kauai, Hawaii","Lae o Kokole, Kauai, Hawaii","Ka Lae (South Point), Hawaii Island, Hawaii"],"theme_labels":["Lighthouses","Island territories","Public lands"],"document_count":5,"open_question_count":3,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=74"},{"number":75,"slug":"death-of-grover-cleveland-1908","title":"Announcing the Death of Ex-President Grover Cleveland","dek":"Roosevelt's same-day proclamation mourning Grover Cleveland, a Democrat, with a warm tribute to his courage and thirty days of flags at half-staff.","date_start":"1908-06-24","date_end":"1908-06-24","themes":["ceremonial"],"places":["Princeton, New Jersey","Washington, D.C."],"theme_labels":["Ceremonial"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=75"},{"number":76,"slug":"grand-canyon-game-preserve-enlarged-1908","title":"Enlarging the Grand Canyon National Game Preserve, Arizona","dek":"A June 1908 proclamation carried the Grand Canyon game preserve across the Colorado River to take in the South Rim country, closing it to hunting except under Forest Service rules.","date_start":"1908-06-23","date_end":"1908-06-23","themes":["wildlife","forests","conservation-policy"],"places":["Grand Canyon, Arizona Territory","Coconino Plateau, Arizona Territory","Kaibab Plateau, Arizona Territory","Cataract Canyon, Arizona Territory"],"theme_labels":["Wildlife and bird reservations","Forests","Conservation policy"],"document_count":1,"open_question_count":4,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=76"},{"number":77,"slug":"first-numbered-executive-orders-1901","title":"The First Numbered Executive Orders: Civil-Service Rules and Exceptions, Late 1901","dek":"Roosevelt's first thirteen numbered executive orders tightened enforcement of the civil-service rules, began bringing rural mail carriers under the merit system, and carved out a handful of one-time exceptions.","date_start":"1901-10-31","date_end":"1901-12-27","themes":["civil-service","government-administration"],"places":["Washington, D.C.","Philadelphia, Pennsylvania"],"theme_labels":["Civil service","Government administration"],"document_count":13,"open_question_count":3,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=77"},{"number":78,"slug":"civil-service-orders-gag-order-1902","title":"The Civil-Service Orders of Early 1902 and the \"Gag Order\"","dek":"Thirteen orders of January and February 1902, mostly civil-service housekeeping, include the \"gag order\" forbidding federal employees to lobby Congress for themselves except through their department heads.","date_start":"1902-01-18","date_end":"1902-02-08","themes":["civil-service","government-administration","labor-business","ceremonial"],"places":["Washington, D.C.","San Francisco, California","New York, New York","Chicago, Illinois"],"theme_labels":["Civil service","Government administration","Labor and business","Ceremonial"],"document_count":13,"open_question_count":3,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=78"},{"number":79,"slug":"passport-orders-1902","title":"The Passport Orders of July 1902","dek":"Three orders signed at Oyster Bay set the rules for granting passports at home, in the island possessions, and abroad, and opened the passport to Puerto Ricans, Filipinos and Guamanians who owed allegiance to the United States without being citizens of it.","date_start":"1902-07-19","date_end":"1902-07-19","themes":["foreign-affairs","insular-territories","government-administration"],"places":["Oyster Bay, New York","Puerto Rico","Philippine Islands","Guam"],"theme_labels":["Foreign affairs","Island territories","Government administration"],"document_count":3,"open_question_count":4,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=79"},{"number":80,"slug":"civil-service-administrative-orders-1902","title":"The Remaining Civil-Service and Administrative Orders of 1902","dek":"Twenty-eight routine and not-so-routine orders of 1902, led by Roosevelt's public warning to federal employees that the law against soliciting campaign money from them would be enforced, even against committees of his own party.","date_start":"1902-03-10","date_end":"1902-12-27","themes":["civil-service","government-administration","foreign-affairs","ceremonial"],"places":["Washington, D.C.","New York, New York","Pennsylvania","Ohio","Manila, Philippine Islands","Western Navajo Agency, Arizona","Cuba"],"theme_labels":["Civil service","Government administration","Foreign affairs","Ceremonial"],"document_count":28,"open_question_count":4,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=80"},{"number":81,"slug":"executive-orders-early-1903","title":"The Executive Orders of Early 1903","dek":"Twenty-six orders from January to July 1903: mostly civil-service housekeeping, plus Midway placed under the Navy, the founders' papers sent to the Library of Congress, a rewrite of the Civil Service Rules, and a last-week rush of Puerto Rico land reservations.","date_start":"1903-01-07","date_end":"1903-07-03","themes":["civil-service","military-naval","insular-territories","government-administration","public-lands"],"places":["Midway Islands","Washington, D.C.","San Juan, Puerto Rico","Ponce, Puerto Rico","Mayaguez, Puerto Rico"],"theme_labels":["Civil service","Military and naval","Island territories","Government administration","Public lands"],"document_count":26,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=81"},{"number":82,"slug":"executive-orders-late-1903","title":"The Executive Orders of Late 1903","dek":"Twenty-one orders from July to December 1903: personnel waivers that helped staff the new Bureau of Corporations, a full rewrite of the passport rules, a rule on consular letterheads, and a naval reservation on Kiska Island.","date_start":"1903-07-08","date_end":"1903-12-28","themes":["civil-service","foreign-affairs","military-naval","insular-territories","labor-business","government-administration"],"places":["Oyster Bay, New York","Kiska Island, Alaska","Little Kiska Island, Alaska","Washington, D.C."],"theme_labels":["Civil service","Foreign affairs","Military and naval","Island territories","Labor and business","Government administration"],"document_count":21,"open_question_count":3,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=82"},{"number":83,"slug":"executive-orders-early-1904","title":"The Executive Orders of Early 1904","dek":"Twenty-seven orders from January to August 1904: mostly civil-service waivers for named people, plus a mourning order for Senator Mark Hanna and a call for every federal officer to keep neutral, in word and deed, in the Russo-Japanese War.","date_start":"1904-01-04","date_end":"1904-08-09","themes":["civil-service","ceremonial","foreign-affairs","insular-territories","government-administration"],"places":["Washington, D.C.","Ohio","Philippine Islands","Syracuse, New York"],"theme_labels":["Civil service","Ceremonial","Foreign affairs","Island territories","Government administration"],"document_count":27,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=83"},{"number":84,"slug":"executive-orders-late-1904","title":"The Executive Orders of Late 1904","dek":"Twenty orders from August to New Year's Eve 1904 that mourned a Postmaster-General, bent the civil service to fit the Panama Canal, and tightened the rules for hiring federal laborers.","date_start":"1904-08-19","date_end":"1904-12-31","themes":["civil-service","canal-zone","ceremonial","government-administration","forests","lighthouses"],"places":["Washington, D.C.","Grand River Indian School, North Dakota","Isthmus of Panama","New York, New York","Boston, Massachusetts","Philadelphia, Pennsylvania","St. Louis, Missouri","Cumberland Head, Lake Champlain, New York","West Point, New York"],"theme_labels":["Civil service","Panama Canal Zone","Ceremonial","Government administration","Forests","Lighthouses"],"document_count":20,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=84"},{"number":85,"slug":"executive-orders-early-1905","title":"The Executive Orders of Early 1905","dek":"About a hundred orders from January to August 1905, among them a commission that remade American naturalization law and a North Dakota bird refuge now under fifteen feet of water.","date_start":"1905-01-05","date_end":"1905-08-31","themes":["civil-service","government-administration","wildlife","canal-zone","public-lands","indian-lands","lighthouses","water-reclamation","military-naval"],"places":["Stump Lake, Nelson County, North Dakota","Washington, D.C.","Isthmus of Panama","Phoenix, Arizona Territory","Wausau, Wisconsin","Revillagigedo Island, Alaska","Santa Barbara Island, California","Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico Territory","Uintah Indian Reservation, Utah"],"theme_labels":["Civil service","Government administration","Wildlife and bird reservations","Panama Canal Zone","Public lands","Indian lands","Lighthouses","Water and reclamation","Military and naval"],"document_count":108,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=85"},{"number":86,"slug":"executive-orders-late-1905","title":"The Executive Orders of Late 1905","dek":"The orders that closed Roosevelt's 1905: three island bird reservations signed in a single day, examinations for nearly the whole consular service, and a hotly debated rule on firing federal employees.","date_start":"1905-07-31","date_end":"1905-12-23","themes":["wildlife","civil-service","foreign-affairs","government-administration","public-lands","lighthouses","military-naval","canal-zone"],"places":["Passage Key, Tampa Bay, Florida","Siskiwit Islands, Isle Royale, Michigan","Huron Islands, Lake Superior, Michigan","Washington, D.C.","Isthmus of Panama","Guthrie, Oklahoma Territory","Devils Lake, North Dakota","Pueblo, Colorado","North Platte, Nebraska","Gravina Island, Alaska","Point Sal, California"],"theme_labels":["Wildlife and bird reservations","Civil service","Foreign affairs","Government administration","Public lands","Lighthouses","Military and naval","Panama Canal Zone"],"document_count":63,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=86"},{"number":87,"slug":"executive-orders-early-1906","title":"The Executive Orders of Early 1906","dek":"Roosevelt's first executive orders of 1906 set aside Indian Key in Tampa Bay as a bird refuge, widened the 1902 gag order to independent agencies, and issued rules against tuberculosis in federal offices.","date_start":"1906-01-03","date_end":"1906-02-28","themes":["wildlife","civil-service","government-administration","public-lands","indian-lands","military-naval","canal-zone"],"places":["Indian Key, Tampa Bay, Florida","Diamond Head, Hawaii","Punchbowl Hill, Hawaii","Yes Bay, Alaska","Randlett, Utah","Mississippi River headwaters, Minnesota","Stockton, California","Sacramento, California","Norfolk, Virginia"],"theme_labels":["Wildlife and bird reservations","Civil service","Government administration","Public lands","Indian lands","Military and naval","Panama Canal Zone"],"document_count":42,"open_question_count":4,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=87"},{"number":88,"slug":"executive-orders-spring-1906","title":"The Executive Orders of Spring 1906","dek":"In the season of the San Francisco earthquake, Roosevelt's orders sent thirteen historical manuscript collections to the Library of Congress, moved the burned-out San Francisco land office to Oakland, and set aside a tree nursery in Utah.","date_start":"1906-03-01","date_end":"1906-06-16","themes":["government-administration","civil-service","public-lands","forests","military-naval","canal-zone"],"places":["San Francisco, California","Oakland, California","Washington, D.C.","Big Cottonwood Canyon, Utah","Lamar, Colorado","Horn Island, Mississippi","Fort Egbert, Alaska","Fort St. Michael, Alaska","Florida"],"theme_labels":["Government administration","Civil service","Public lands","Forests","Military and naval","Panama Canal Zone"],"document_count":39,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=88"},{"number":89,"slug":"executive-orders-summer-1906","title":"The Executive Orders of Summer 1906","dek":"Roosevelt's summer 1906 orders put the consular service on a merit footing, turned the Board on Geographic Names into the United States Geographic Board with a say over federal mapmaking, and held northern Wisconsin land for a state forest.","date_start":"1906-06-16","date_end":"1906-08-17","themes":["government-administration","civil-service","foreign-affairs","public-lands","water-reclamation","forests","military-naval","canal-zone","indian-lands"],"places":["Washington, D.C.","Belle Fourche Irrigation Project, South Dakota","Newell, South Dakota","Wausau land district, Wisconsin","Fort Bayard, New Mexico","Malabang, Mindanao, Philippine Islands","El Reno, Oklahoma","Lawton, Oklahoma","DeSmet, Idaho","Tekoa"],"theme_labels":["Government administration","Civil service","Foreign affairs","Public lands","Water and reclamation","Forests","Military and naval","Panama Canal Zone","Indian lands"],"document_count":41,"open_question_count":5,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=89"},{"number":90,"slug":"executive-orders-autumn-winter-1906","title":"The Executive Orders of Autumn and Winter 1906","dek":"Roosevelt's last executive orders of 1906 set the chain of command for the American provisional government of Cuba, and also enforced the eight-hour law, set Navy Medal of Honor rules and reserved land for the Jemez Pueblo.","date_start":"1906-08-29","date_end":"1906-12-31","themes":["insular-territories","foreign-affairs","labor-business","military-naval","lighthouses","indian-lands","canal-zone","civil-service","public-lands"],"places":["Havana, Cuba","Jemez Pueblo, New Mexico","Rock of Ages, Lake Superior, Michigan","Cape Hinchinbrook, Hinchinbrook Island, Alaska","Iloilo, Panay, Philippine Islands","Fort Robinson, Nebraska","Fort Davis, Texas","St. Cloud, Minnesota","Duluth, Minnesota","Sitka, Alaska","Juneau, Alaska"],"theme_labels":["Island territories","Foreign affairs","Labor and business","Military and naval","Lighthouses","Indian lands","Panama Canal Zone","Civil service","Public lands"],"document_count":43,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=90"},{"number":91,"slug":"executive-orders-early-1907","title":"The Executive Orders of Early 1907","dek":"Thirty-four orders signed between January 4 and March 2, 1907, including the one-sentence directive that gave every Navy warship the prefix \"U.S.S.\"","date_start":"1907-01-04","date_end":"1907-03-02","themes":["military-naval","lighthouses","coal-minerals","forests","insular-territories","civil-service","public-lands","government-administration"],"places":["Tutuila, Samoa","Sitka, Alaska","Haines, Alaska","Cape Fanshaw, Alaska","Cape Spencer, Alaska","Viti Rocks, Bellingham Bay, Washington","Fort Lincoln, Burleigh County, North Dakota","Camp John Hay, Benguet, Luzon, Philippine Islands","Hot Springs, Arkansas","Watertown, South Dakota","Aberdeen, South Dakota"],"theme_labels":["Military and naval","Lighthouses","Coal and minerals","Forests","Island territories","Civil service","Public lands","Government administration"],"document_count":35,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=91"},{"number":92,"slug":"executive-orders-spring-1907","title":"The Executive Orders of Spring 1907","dek":"Orders signed between March 4 and May 4, 1907, enforced the Gentlemen's Agreement with Japan, handed the Panama Canal to George W. Goethals, rebuilt the Canal Zone's government and called the first Philippine Assembly election.","date_start":"1907-03-04","date_end":"1907-05-04","themes":["foreign-affairs","canal-zone","insular-territories","civil-service","government-administration","ceremonial","public-lands"],"places":["San Francisco, California","Hawaii","Mexico","Canada","Canal Zone, Panama","Ancon, Canal Zone","Emperador, Canal Zone","Gorgona, Canal Zone","Cristobal, Canal Zone","Manila, Philippine Islands","Arlington, Virginia","Gunnison, Colorado","Montrose, Colorado","Great Falls, Montana","Glasgow, Montana"],"theme_labels":["Foreign affairs","Panama Canal Zone","Island territories","Civil service","Government administration","Ceremonial","Public lands"],"document_count":52,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=92"},{"number":93,"slug":"executive-orders-summer-1907","title":"The Executive Orders of Summer 1907","dek":"Orders signed between May 6 and August 15, 1907, rewrote the passport rules, paid the Immigration Commission, set up a committee on federal salaries and reorganized the Panama Canal's business offices.","date_start":"1907-05-06","date_end":"1907-08-15","themes":["government-administration","civil-service","canal-zone","insular-territories","foreign-affairs","public-lands","forests","military-naval"],"places":["Washington, D.C.","Gila National Forest, New Mexico","Fort Bayard, New Mexico","Juneau, Alaska","Mariveles, Bataan, Luzon, Philippine Islands","Canal Zone, Panama","Porto Rico","Philippine Islands"],"theme_labels":["Government administration","Civil service","Panama Canal Zone","Island territories","Foreign affairs","Public lands","Forests","Military and naval"],"document_count":41,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=93"},{"number":94,"slug":"executive-orders-late-summer-autumn-1907","title":"The Executive Orders of Late Summer and Autumn 1907","dek":"Orders signed between July 15 and October 5, 1907, created the Tern Islands and Shell Keys bird reservations off Louisiana and set the rules for the Dominican customs receivership.","date_start":"1907-07-15","date_end":"1907-10-05","themes":["wildlife","conservation-policy","lighthouses","foreign-affairs","civil-service","military-naval","government-administration"],"places":["Mouths of the Mississippi River, Louisiana","Shell Keys, south of Marsh Island, Iberia Parish, Louisiana","Dominican Republic"],"theme_labels":["Wildlife and bird reservations","Conservation policy","Lighthouses","Foreign affairs","Civil service","Military and naval","Government administration"],"document_count":34,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=94"},{"number":95,"slug":"bird-reservations-late-1907","title":"The Bird Reservations of Late 1907","dek":"Between October and December 1907, Roosevelt's executive orders carried the bird-reservation idea to the Pacific, setting aside rocks off Oregon and Washington, and added one more island on the Louisiana coast.","date_start":"1907-10-14","date_end":"1907-12-17","themes":["wildlife","public-lands","indian-lands","civil-service","government-administration"],"places":["Three Arch Rocks, Oregon","Oceanside, Oregon","Flattery Rocks, Washington","Copalis Rock, Washington","Quillayute Needles, Washington","East Timbalier Island, Louisiana","Fort Sumner, New Mexico","Portland, Oregon"],"theme_labels":["Wildlife and bird reservations","Public lands","Indian lands","Civil service","Government administration"],"document_count":26,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=95"},{"number":96,"slug":"executive-orders-early-1908-mosquito-inlet","title":"The Executive Orders of Early 1908","dek":"Roosevelt's first executive orders of 1908 merged Western land offices, built out the Canal Zone's legal code, and set aside the Mosquito Inlet bird reservation on Florida's Atlantic coast.","date_start":"1908-01-03","date_end":"1908-02-24","themes":["wildlife","public-lands","canal-zone","indian-lands","lighthouses","civil-service","government-administration"],"places":["Mosquito Inlet (Ponce de Leon Inlet), Florida","New Smyrna, Florida","Ediz Hook, Port Angeles, Washington","Minto, Alaska","Pierre, South Dakota","Glasgow, Montana","Alliance, Nebraska","Woodward, Oklahoma","Ancon, Canal Zone","Gorgona, Canal Zone"],"theme_labels":["Wildlife and bird reservations","Public lands","Panama Canal Zone","Indian lands","Lighthouses","Civil service","Government administration"],"document_count":40,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=96"},{"number":97,"slug":"executive-orders-spring-1908-corregidor-tortugas","title":"The Executive Orders of Late Winter and Spring 1908","dek":"From February to April 1908, Roosevelt's orders started fortification work on Corregidor, made the Dry Tortugas a bird reservation, and gave the Bay Area's federal workers a day off to greet the battleship fleet.","date_start":"1908-02-25","date_end":"1908-04-30","themes":["wildlife","military-naval","insular-territories","canal-zone","ceremonial","government-administration"],"places":["Corregidor, Philippine Islands","Manila Bay, Philippine Islands","Dry Tortugas, Florida","Bird Key, Florida","Fort Jefferson, Florida","San Francisco, California","Oakland, California","Berkeley, California","Alameda, California","Fairbanks, Alaska","Hogan, Alaska","Sitka, Alaska","Hawkins Island, Alaska","Lowell Point, Resurrection Bay, Alaska"],"theme_labels":["Wildlife and bird reservations","Military and naval","Island territories","Panama Canal Zone","Ceremonial","Government administration"],"document_count":27,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=97"},{"number":98,"slug":"executive-orders-late-spring-1908-conservation-commission","title":"The Executive Orders of Late Spring 1908","dek":"Between April and June 1908, Roosevelt ordered every federal department to supply the new National Conservation Commission with whatever information it asked for, and also reserved two Florida keys for the Navy, created a ship-safety commission, and reorganized forests in Idaho and Utah.","date_start":"1908-04-30","date_end":"1908-06-10","themes":["conservation-policy","forests","military-naval","government-administration","civil-service"],"places":["Washington, D.C.","Man Key, Florida","Woman Key, Florida","Key West, Florida","Pocatello National Forest, Idaho","Cache National Forest, Utah and Idaho"],"theme_labels":["Conservation policy","Forests","Military and naval","Government administration","Civil service"],"document_count":24,"open_question_count":4,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=98"},{"number":99,"slug":"national-forest-reorganization-june-1908","title":"The Great Reorganization of the National Forests, June 1908","dek":"In two weeks of June 1908, Roosevelt signed forty executive orders that cut the sprawling Western forest reserves into smaller, individually named national forests, all taking effect on July 1.","date_start":"1908-06-13","date_end":"1908-06-26","themes":["forests","government-administration","conservation-policy"],"places":["Blue Mountains, Oregon","Cascade Range, Washington","Utah","Montana","Idaho","Colorado","California","New Mexico","Wyoming","South Dakota"],"theme_labels":["Forests","Government administration","Conservation policy"],"document_count":40,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=99"},{"number":100,"slug":"administrative-orders-june-1908","title":"The Administrative Orders of June 1908","dek":"Eight small orders signed among the June 1908 forest orders: civil-service exceptions, a Treasury staffing waiver for the new emergency-currency law, posts for language officers in Tokyo and Peking, and a welcome for Canadian yachts.","date_start":"1908-06-15","date_end":"1908-06-25","themes":["civil-service","government-administration","foreign-affairs","trade-reciprocity"],"places":["Washington, D.C.","New York, New York","Tokyo, Japan","Peking, China","Puget Sound, Washington","Vancouver, British Columbia"],"theme_labels":["Civil service","Government administration","Foreign affairs","Trade and reciprocity"],"document_count":8,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=100"},{"number":101,"slug":"national-forests-july-1908","title":"The National Forests of July 1908","dek":"Over three days at the turn of the 1909 fiscal year, Roosevelt signed fifty more executive orders that finished reorganizing the national forests, including one omnibus order that renamed or merged dozens at once and one that split the Grand Canyon forest into the Kaibab and the Coconino.","date_start":"1908-06-30","date_end":"1908-07-02","themes":["forests","government-administration","conservation-policy","public-lands"],"places":["Grand Canyon, Arizona","Oregon","Wyoming","Arizona","Colorado","Idaho","Montana","Utah","Nevada","California","Alaska"],"theme_labels":["Forests","Government administration","Conservation policy","Public lands"],"document_count":50,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=101"},{"number":102,"slug":"executive-orders-late-summer-1908","title":"The Executive Orders of Late Summer 1908","dek":"Between July and early October 1908, routine personnel and land orders shared the ledger with seven bird reservations in seven weeks, among them Lake Malheur, Chase Lake, and the Klamath Lake reservation that the Fish and Wildlife Service calls the nation's first waterfowl refuge.","date_start":"1908-07-02","date_end":"1908-10-03","themes":["wildlife","conservation-policy","civil-service","government-administration","military-naval","lighthouses","canal-zone","water-reclamation"],"places":["Lake Malheur, Oregon","Klamath Lake, Oregon and California","Chase Lake, North Dakota","Key West, Florida","Pine Island, Florida","Palma Sola Bay, Florida","Matlacha Pass, Florida","Fort Bayard, New Mexico","Tanana, Alaska","Circle, Alaska","Belle Fourche, South Dakota"],"theme_labels":["Wildlife and bird reservations","Conservation policy","Civil service","Government administration","Military and naval","Lighthouses","Panama Canal Zone","Water and reclamation"],"document_count":38,"open_question_count":4,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=102"},{"number":103,"slug":"executive-orders-late-1908","title":"The Executive Orders of Late 1908","dek":"Fifty-three orders from October to December 1908, led by Executive Order 999, which handed back to China nearly eleven million dollars of the Boxer indemnity \"as an act of friendship.\"","date_start":"1908-10-02","date_end":"1908-12-30","themes":["foreign-affairs","military-naval","civil-service","canal-zone","indian-lands","wildlife","public-lands","government-administration"],"places":["China","Beijing, China","Navajo Reservation, northwestern New Mexico","Island Bay, Florida","Oregon Basin, Wyoming","Canal Zone","Dardanelle, Arkansas","Little Rock, Arkansas","Colby, Kansas","Topeka, Kansas"],"theme_labels":["Foreign affairs","Military and naval","Civil service","Panama Canal Zone","Indian lands","Wildlife and bird reservations","Public lands","Government administration"],"document_count":53,"open_question_count":5,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=103"},{"number":104,"slug":"executive-orders-january-1909","title":"The Executive Orders of January 1909","dek":"Seventeen orders from Roosevelt's last full January, among them a thirty-member Council of the Fine Arts to advise on federal design and the enlargement of Pelican Island, the first federal bird reservation.","date_start":"1909-01-01","date_end":"1909-01-30","themes":["government-administration","congress","wildlife","conservation-policy","canal-zone","military-naval","civil-service","public-lands","lighthouses"],"places":["Washington, D.C.","Pelican Island, Indian River, Florida","Canal Zone","Honolulu, Hawaii","Mitchell, South Dakota","Gregory, South Dakota","Fort Keogh, Montana","Minnesota"],"theme_labels":["Government administration","Congress","Wildlife and bird reservations","Conservation policy","Panama Canal Zone","Military and naval","Civil service","Public lands","Lighthouses"],"document_count":17,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=104"},{"number":105,"slug":"bird-reservations-february-1909","title":"The Bird Reservations of February 1909","dek":"In his last full month in office, Roosevelt used a run of executive orders to set aside bird refuges from the Northwestern Hawaiian Islands to the Alaskan coast and on seventeen Western reclamation reservoirs.","date_start":"1909-02-03","date_end":"1909-02-27","themes":["wildlife","conservation-policy","water-reclamation","insular-territories","public-lands","lighthouses","military-naval","civil-service","government-administration"],"places":["Northwestern Hawaiian Islands","Laysan Island, Hawaii","Lisianski Island, Hawaii","Salt River, Arizona","Deer Flat, Idaho","Minidoka, Idaho","Cold Springs, Oregon","Belle Fourche, South Dakota","Shoshone and Pathfinder, Wyoming","Saint Matthew Island, Alaska","Chisik Island, Cook Inlet, Alaska","Saint Lazaria Island, Alaska","Yukon Delta, Alaska","Fire Island, Cook Inlet, Alaska","Walrus and Otter Islands, Pribilof Islands, Alaska","Culebra, Puerto Rico","Farallon Islands, California","Subic Bay, Philippine Islands","Nome, Alaska"],"theme_labels":["Wildlife and bird reservations","Conservation policy","Water and reclamation","Island territories","Public lands","Lighthouses","Military and naval","Civil service","Government administration"],"document_count":27,"open_question_count":0,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=105"},{"number":106,"slug":"executive-orders-march-1909","title":"The Executive Orders of March 1909","dek":"In his last two days in office, Roosevelt signed six final executive orders: four civil-service and appointment orders, a day off to watch the inauguration, and a bird preserve on the volcanic Bogoslof Islands of the Bering Sea.","date_start":"1909-03-02","date_end":"1909-03-03","themes":["wildlife","conservation-policy","civil-service","government-administration","ceremonial"],"places":["Bogoslof Islands, Alaska","Chicago, Illinois","Washington, D.C."],"theme_labels":["Wildlife and bird reservations","Conservation policy","Civil service","Government administration","Ceremonial"],"document_count":6,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=106"},{"number":107,"slug":"residual-proclamations-1908","title":"The Residual 1908 Proclamations","dek":"Five 1908 proclamations that fit no larger story: a champagne tariff deal with France, a cut to the Lincoln National Forest, a land swap in San Juan, the second opening of Rosebud Sioux land, and that year's Thanksgiving.","date_start":"1908-01-28","date_end":"1908-10-31","themes":["trade-reciprocity","foreign-affairs","forests","public-lands","insular-territories","military-naval","indian-lands","ceremonial"],"places":["France","Lincoln National Forest, New Mexico Territory","San Juan, Puerto Rico","Tripp County, South Dakota","Dallas, South Dakota","Gregory, South Dakota","O'Neill, Nebraska"],"theme_labels":["Trade and reciprocity","Foreign affairs","Forests","Public lands","Island territories","Military and naval","Indian lands","Ceremonial"],"document_count":5,"open_question_count":2,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=107"},{"number":108,"slug":"national-forests-1909","title":"The National Forests of 1909","dek":"In the last seven weeks of his presidency, Roosevelt signed thirty-six proclamations that enlarged, trimmed, merged and created national forests from Alaska to Arkansas, and carried the national forests into Michigan and Minnesota.","date_start":"1909-01-20","date_end":"1909-03-02","themes":["forests","conservation-policy","public-lands","indian-lands"],"places":["Mescalero Apache Reservation, New Mexico","Michigan","Minnesota","Nevada","New Mexico","Arizona","California","Alaska","Arkansas","South Dakota","Utah","White Mountain Apache Reservation, Arizona","Hoopa Valley Reservation, California","Tule River Reservation, California","Jicarilla Apache Reservation, New Mexico"],"theme_labels":["Forests","Conservation policy","Public lands","Indian lands"],"document_count":36,"open_question_count":5,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=108"},{"number":109,"slug":"last-three-proclamations-1909","title":"The Last Three Proclamations","dek":"In his final three weeks in office, Roosevelt set apart Lincoln's hundredth birthday as a holiday, cut the duty on Spanish sparkling wine, and summoned the Senate to meet his successor's Cabinet.","date_start":"1909-02-11","date_end":"1909-02-27","themes":["ceremonial","trade-reciprocity","foreign-affairs","congress"],"places":["Hodgenville, Kentucky","Washington, D.C.","San Sebastián, Spain","California"],"theme_labels":["Ceremonial","Trade and reciprocity","Foreign affairs","Congress"],"document_count":3,"open_question_count":0,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=109"},{"number":110,"slug":"unnumbered-executive-orders","title":"The Unnumbered Executive Orders","dek":"Roosevelt signed more than a hundred executive orders that never received a number, the ones the State Department's 1907 numbering happened to miss, and among them are the first two federal bird reservations.","date_start":"1901-09-20","date_end":"1908-12-01","themes":["government-administration","public-lands","military-naval","indian-lands","wildlife"],"places":["Fort Sill, Oklahoma Territory","Juneau, Alaska","Pelican Island, Florida","Breton Island, Louisiana"],"theme_labels":["Government administration","Public lands","Military and naval","Indian lands","Wildlife and bird reservations"],"document_count":0,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=110"},{"number":111,"slug":"unnumbered-orders-1901-1902","title":"The Unnumbered Orders of 1901–1902","dek":"Fifty unnumbered orders from Roosevelt's first fifteen months, covering Apache prisoners at Fort Sill, Alaska's land offices, naval ground on Subic Bay, and Navy pay.","date_start":"1901-09-20","date_end":"1902-12-22","themes":["public-lands","military-naval","insular-territories","indian-lands","civil-service","lighthouses","forests","foreign-affairs","ceremonial"],"places":["Fort Sill, Oklahoma Territory","Battlement Mesa Forest Reserve, Colorado","Sitka Harbor, Alaska","Zambales and Bataan, Luzon, Philippines","Olongapo, Subic Bay, Philippines","Juneau, Alaska","Guthrie, Oklahoma Territory","Point Dume, California","San Nicolas Island, California","Culebra, Puerto Rico","Adak and Kiska Islands, Alaska","San Felipe Pueblo, New Mexico Territory","Nambe Pueblo, New Mexico Territory","Nebraska Sand Hills"],"theme_labels":["Public lands","Military and naval","Island territories","Indian lands","Civil service","Lighthouses","Forests","Foreign affairs","Ceremonial"],"document_count":50,"open_question_count":1,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=111"},{"number":112,"slug":"unnumbered-orders-1903","title":"The Unnumbered Orders of 1903","dek":"Twenty-three unnumbered orders of 1903: the Pelican Island bird reservation, a string of Army posts across the Philippines, a Wyoming maneuver ground taken from a forest reserve, and a land set apart for the Yavapai at Camp McDowell.","date_start":"1903-03-10","date_end":"1903-12-31","themes":["military-naval","insular-territories","public-lands","indian-lands","forests","wildlife"],"places":["Pelican Island, Florida","Angeles, Pampanga, Philippines","Baguio, Benguet, Philippines","Pole Mountain, Albany County, Wyoming","Fort McDowell, Arizona Territory","Moapa River Reservation, Nevada","Valdez, Alaska","Skagway, Alaska","Fort Liscum, Port Valdez, Alaska","Aibonito, Puerto Rico","St. Cloud, Minnesota"],"theme_labels":["Military and naval","Island territories","Public lands","Indian lands","Forests","Wildlife and bird reservations"],"document_count":21,"open_question_count":3,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=112"},{"number":113,"slug":"unnumbered-orders-1904","title":"The Unnumbered Orders of 1904","dek":"Twenty-three unnumbered executive orders of 1904 handled Army posts from Guantánamo to Mindanao, land offices and Indian lands in the West, the pay of the Isthmian Canal Commission, and the second federal bird reservation at Breton Island.","date_start":"1904-01-09","date_end":"1904-12-06","themes":["military-naval","insular-territories","public-lands","indian-lands","canal-zone","government-administration","wildlife"],"places":["Guantánamo Bay, Cuba","Fort Yates, North Dakota","Pine Ridge Reservation, South Dakota","Sheridan County, Nebraska","Fort Niobrara, Cherry County, Nebraska","Whipple Barracks, Yavapai County, Arizona Territory","Oklahoma City, Oklahoma Territory","Guthrie, Oklahoma Territory","Boise, Idaho","Lewiston, Idaho","Grand Forks, North Dakota","Devils Lake, North Dakota","Fort Egbert, Alaska","Valdez, Alaska","Manila, Philippine Islands","Mariveles, Bataan, Philippine Islands","Parang, Mindanao, Philippine Islands","Zamboanga, Mindanao, Philippine Islands","Jolo, Philippine Islands","Breton Island, Louisiana"],"theme_labels":["Military and naval","Island territories","Public lands","Indian lands","Panama Canal Zone","Government administration","Wildlife and bird reservations"],"document_count":22,"open_question_count":4,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=113"},{"number":114,"slug":"unnumbered-orders-1905-1908","title":"The Unnumbered Orders of 1905–1908","dek":"The last twenty-six Roosevelt entries in the government's list of unnumbered executive orders cover land offices, Army reservations, Canal Zone law and civil-service rules, and most of them turn out to be numbered orders listed a second time.","date_start":"1904-12-31","date_end":"1908-11-24","themes":["government-administration","public-lands","indian-lands","military-naval","canal-zone","civil-service","lighthouses","insular-territories","forests","wildlife"],"places":["Oregon City, Oregon","Akron, Colorado","Ironton, Missouri","Vernal, Utah","Santa Clara Pueblo, New Mexico Territory","Central, Alaska","Summit, Alaska","Rapids, Yukon River, Alaska","Grass Island, Grays Harbor, Washington","Camp Keithley, Lake Lanao, Mindanao, Philippine Islands","Biliran Island, Philippine Islands","Makapuʻu Light Station, Oahu, Hawaii","Round Top and Sugar Loaf, Honolulu, Hawaii","Canal Zone","Oklahoma Territory","Deschutes National Forest, Oregon","Fremont National Forest, Oregon","Wichita Game Preserve, Oklahoma"],"theme_labels":["Government administration","Public lands","Indian lands","Military and naval","Panama Canal Zone","Civil service","Lighthouses","Island territories","Forests","Wildlife and bird reservations"],"document_count":26,"open_question_count":4,"url":"https://executiveactions.labs.trlibrary.com/story.html?n=114"}]